Despido del trabajador sin responsabilidad patronal Costa Rica
Código de Trabajo
ARTICULO 81.-
Son causas justas que facultan a patrono para dar por terminado el contrato de trabajo:
a. Cuando el trabajador se conduzca durante sus labores en forma abiertamente inmoral, o acuda a la injuria, a la calumnia o a las vías de hecho contra su patrono;
b. Cuando el trabajador cometa alguno de los actos enumerados en el inciso anterior contra algún compañero, durante el tiempo que se ejecutan los trabajos, siempre que como consecuencia de ello se altere gravemente la disciplina y se interrumpan las labores;
c. Cuando el trabajador, fuera del lugar donde se ejecutan las faenas y en horas que no sean de trabajo, acuda a la injuria, a la calumnia o a las vías de hecho contra su patrono o contra los representantes de éste en la dirección de las labores, siempre que dichos actos no hayan sido provocados y que como consecuencia de ellos se haga imposible la convivencia y armonía para la realización del trabajo;
d. Cuando el trabajador cometa algún delito o falta contra la propiedad en perjuicio directo del patrono o cuando cause intencionalmente un daño material en las máquinas, herramientas, materias primas, productos y demás objetos relacionados en forma inmediata e indudable con el trabajo;
e. Cuando el trabajador revele los secretos a que alude el inciso g) del artículo 71;
f. Cuando el trabajador comprometa con su imprudencia o descuido absolutamente inexcusable, la seguridad del lugar donde se realizan las labores o la de las personas que allí se encuentren;
g. Cuando el trabajador deje de asistir al trabajo sin permiso del patrono, sin causa justificada durante dos días consecutivos o durante más de dos días alternos dentro del mismo mes- calendario.
(Así reformado el inciso anterior por el artículo 1° de la Ley N° 25 de 17 de noviembre de 1944 )
(Nota de Sinalevi: El artículo 2° de la ley N° 305 del 15 de diciembre de 1948, establece que los patronos no podrán hacer uso, en perjuicio de los trabajadores, de la facultad que les otorgan los artículos 76, 78 y 81, inciso G), del Código de Trabajo)
h. Cuando el trabajador se niegue de manera manifiesta y reiterada a adoptar las medidas preventivas o a seguir los procedimientos indicados para evitar accidentes o enfermedades; o cuando el trabajador se niegue en igual forma a acatar, en perjuicio del patrono, las normas que éste o su representantes en la dirección de los trabajos le indique con claridad para obtener la mayor eficacia y rendimiento en las labores que se están ejecutando;
i. Cuando el trabajador, después de que el patrono lo aperciba por una vez, incurra en las causales previstas por los incisos a), b), c), d) y e) del artículo 72;
j. Cuando el trabajador al celebrar el contrato haya inducido en error al patrono, pretendiendo tener cualidades, condiciones o conocimientos que evidentemente no posee, o presentándole referencias o atestados personales cuya falsedad éste luego compruebe, o ejecutando su trabajo en forma que demuestre claramente su incapacidad en la realización de las labores para las cuales ha sido contratado;
k. Cuando el trabajador sufra prisión por sentencia ejecutoria; y
l. Cuando el trabajador incurra en cualquier otra falta grave a las obligaciones que le imponga el contrato. Es entendido que siempre que el despido se funde en un hecho sancionado también por las leyes penales, quedará a salvo el derecho del patrono para entablar las acciones correspondientes ante las autoridades represivas comunes.
(La Sala Constitucional mediante resolución N° 563 del 29 de enero de 1997, declaró que no es inconstitucional este inciso, en tanto «.resulta ilusorio y fuera de toda lógica normativa, el pretender que en la ley se especifique en detalle cada una de las obligaciones laborales derivadas de todas y cada una de las relaciones laborales de todos los empleados del país, que se motiven en la tarea específica que cada uno realiza en su trabajo, como causal de un despido sin responsabilidad laboral.» De tal manera, «debe tenerse presente que, aunque en la potestad sancionatoria disciplinaria debe respetarse el principio de tipicidad, éste no se aplica con el mismo rigor que en la materia penal. de allí que proceda aplicar sanciones por cualquier falta a los deberes funcionales, sin necesidad de que estén detalladas concretamente como hecho sancionatorio.»)
m) Cuando el trabajador o la trabajadora incumpla con el plan de servicios mínimos durante un período de huelga.
(Así adicionado el inciso anterior por el artículo 49 de la Ley General de sobre el VIH Sida, N° 9797 del 2 de diciembre de 2019)
(Así reformado el inciso m) anterior por el artículo 1° de la Ley para brindar seguridad jurídica sobre la huelga y sus procedimientos, N° 9808 del 21 de enero de 2020)
n) Cuando la persona trabajadora incurra en conductas discriminatorias contra otra persona trabajadora con VIH.
(Así adicionado el inciso anterior por el artículo único de la ley N° 10090 del 15 de diciembre del 2021)
(Así reformado el inciso anterior por el artículo 1° de la Ley para brindar seguridad jurídica sobre la huelga y sus procedimientos, N° 9808 del 21 de enero del 2020)
Ficha articulo
ARTICULO 82.-
El patrono que despida a un trabajador por alguna o algunas de las causas enumeradas en el artículo anterior, no incurrirá en responsabilidad.
Si con posterioridad al despido surgiere contención y no se comprobare la causa del mismo, el trabajador tendrá derecho a que se le paguen el importe del preaviso y el del auxilio de cesantía que le pudieran corresponder y, a título de daños y perjuicios, los salarios que habría percibido desde la terminación del contrato hasta la fecha en que de acuerdo con los términos legales para tramitar y resolver, haya debido quedar firme la sentencia condenatoria en contra del patrono.
*(No obstante, en tratándose de explotaciones agrícolas o ganaderas, se reducirá a la mitad el monto de los daños y perjuicios a que se refiere el párrafo anterior.) *(Por resolución de la Sala Constitucional N°0317 de las 14:51 horas del 22 de enero del 2003 se anula de este artículo la frase del párrafo tercero encerrada entre paréntesis. Esta sentencia tiene efectos a futuro de manera que se preservan los efectos jurídicos de los actos de despido consolidados y de las sentencias ya firmes relacionadas con la norma anulada.)
Siempre que el trabajador entable juicio para obtener las prestaciones de que habla este artículo y el patrono pruebe la justa causa en que se fundó el despido y la circunstancia de haber notificado ésta por escrito al trabajador en el momento de despedirlo, los Tribunales de Trabajo condenarán al primero a pagar ambas costas del litigio y le impondrán en la misma sentencia, como corrección disciplinaria, una multa de cuatro a veinte colones, que se convertirá forzosamente en arresto si el perdidos o no cubre su monto dentro de las veinticuatro horas siguientes a aquélla en que quedó firme el respectivo fallo.
(Así reformado por el artículo 1° de la ley N° 668 de 14 de agosto de 1946)
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