Criminología Costa Rica
La criminologia
La Criminología es la ciencia empírica e interdisciplinaria que se ocupa del delito, del delincuente, de la víctima, el lugar de los hechos, las conductas desviadas, y del control social
Es la “ciencia empírica” porque esos de conocimientos verificados se basan en la observación del objeto de estudio, en la experiencia. Es decir los conocimientos se verifican a través del método empírico. Para llegar a conocer su objeto a través de las “sensaciones” (Hume) y ser enlazadas con las “percepciones” la Criminología sigue un plan establecido de antemano.
La criminología es una ciencia interdisciplinar que utiliza diversos campos de estudio de manera conjunta para alcanzar sus objetivos. En este artículo te explicamos cuáles son, en qué consisten y cómo se relacionan con la criminología.
PENOLOGÍA
El desarrollo de esta disciplina se centra en el estudio de las penas y sus objetivos. Las condenas con las que se castiga a los delincuentes no solo persiguen castigar como tal al delincuente, si no utilizar su alcance social para la prevención del crimen a través del temor al castigo. También estudia cómo las penas inciden en la rehabilitación y la posterior reinserción del criminal.
SOCIOLOGÍA CRIMINOLÓGICA
Es el estudio estadístico del crimen en su conjunto. Una visión global de las cifras que arrojan los crímenes y su relación con factores sociales. Estudia el delito como hecho social. Uno de sus objetivos principales es prevenir las causas sociales que favorecen el desarrollo del crimen.
VICTIMOLOGÍA
El estudio de todo lo que tiene que ver con la víctima de un crimen, desde la relación entre víctimas y delincuentes, a la manera en que el sistema judicial interactúa con ellas. Y, aunque no es el caso que nos ocupa, también estudia las víctimas más allá de la delincuencia, como por ejemplo, víctimas de accidentes.
CRIMINOLOGÍA ANTROPOLÓGICA
Es el estudio de las características físicas y físico-psíquicas de los criminales y la relación con sus crímenes. En su comienzo como ciencia, se basaba en la idea de que el criminal pertenece a una subespecie del género humano que es fácilmente identificable por sus rasgos fisiológicos. A su vez esta idea partía de estudios frenológicos (campo de estudio que se centraba en la fisiología del cráneo como motivante de la delincuencia criminal).
PSICOLOGÍA CRIMINAL
De la misma manera que la criminología antropológica estudia los rasgos físicos de un criminal, la psicología criminológica estudia los procesos mentales y la personalidad del individuo que comete un delito. De esta manera trata de desenvolver los procesos psicológicos que han intervenido para que el delincuente cometa un crimen.
BIOLOGÍA CRIMINOLÓGICA
Nuestra condición de seres vivos es en la que se centra esta disciplina. Trata de relacionar los factores biológicos del ser humano con la criminalidad. De manera parecida a la criminologóa antropológica, esta disciplina se centra en los factores somáticos y genéticos que un individuo que ha cometido un crimen ha podido heredar de nacimiento. De manera que, según la biología criminal, los antecedentes genéticos, al escapar de la voluntad del criminal, le hacen esclavo de su herencia biológica y escapan a su control.
CRIMINALÍSTICA
Es la disciplina que estudia las evidencias y causas materiales de un crimen, apoyándose a su vez en diversas ciencias forenses. Busca hacer una reconstrucción fidedigna de los hechos para así, ayudar a la criminología a entender las causas de los actos criminales
Relación Entre Derecho Penal y Criminología
El derecho penal y la criminología están, sin embargo, íntimamente ligados. Por una parte, el objeto de ésta, el delito, viene en gran parte acotado por la ley penal, que es la que decide en cada momento qué debe ser reputado delito. Por otra parte, el derecho debe tener en cuenta los resultados de la criminología para la elección de las formas específicas de incriminación y penalización de las conductas humanas.
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