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Casos en que sirve interponer la acción civil resarcitoria en materia penal

Casos en que sirve interponer la acción civil resarcitoria en materia penal

  • Por Jesús Barrantes Castro – Abogado Penalista y Criminólogo

En el proceso acusatorio penal de Costa Rica existen las tres primeras etapas que están bien definidas en nuestro Código Procesal Penal, una es la fase inicial o de investigación, la otra corresponde a la fase intermedia y por último esta la fase de juicio, hay más etapas, sin embargo, estas son las principales para la temática a tratar. La acción Civil Resarcitoria se interpone al final de la fase de investigación, se discute su procedencia en la fase intermedia y se gana o se pierde en el Juicio, de no interponerse en el tiempo de ley, se pierde el derecho de interponerla después.

Acusatorio aquí es una palabra importante, y el que acusa es el Ministerio Público, en esta sede se lleva la acción penal, en los delitos de acción pública, el ofendido es un simple denunciante en calidad de testigo, que activa la acción penal y se genera la fase de investigación.

Posteriormente se llega a la Fase Intermedia y el Ministerio Público podría poner su acusación, que es el documento formal donde acusa al imputado de un delito en concreto y tipificado en el Código Penal. Es en esta etapa donde el ofendido puede tener una parte más activa en el proceso y no ser un simple testigo del Ministerio Publico. Es aquí donde el ofendido puede querellar y tener control y pelear lo que él quiere en este proceso.

Ya establecida la querella con un abogado litigante, también se puede interponer la Acción Civil Resarcitoria, para cobrar los daños y perjuicios causados por el hecho delictivo.

La finalidad de la Acción Civil es el resarcimiento económico de la víctima y va dirigida contra el victimario e incluso con terceros con cierto grado de relación con los hechos acusados. Fuera de la ficción jurídica, no tiene sentido interponer una Acción Civil contra un imputado o un tercero que no cuente con recursos económicos, por la sencilla razón de que no va a pagar nada por el concepto de resarcimiento aunque se lo obliguen.

La ciencia de una Acción Civil es interponerla a un imputado o a un tercero, este último puede ser persona física o jurídica, que tenga una cuenta bancaria con ingresos estables, bienes muebles o inmuebles libres de gravámenes. Se debe considerar cantidad y valor, eso es lo que se debe evaluar y tomar en consideración si es viable o no interponer una Acción Civil Resarcitoria. Y algo muy importante es tener la certeza de que el proceso se va a ganar, de lo contrario, el actor civil es el que va a terminar resarciendo al imputado.

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